Present Perfect vs Past Simple

Giới thiệu

Hiện tại hoàn thành (Present Perfect) và quá khứ đơn (Past Simple) là hai thì dễ nhầm lẫn nhất trong tiếng Anh. Cả hai đều nói về hành động trong quá khứ, nhưng cách dùng và ý nghĩa khác nhau rõ rệt. Bài này giúp bạn nắm chắc sự khác biệt qua lý thuyết, ví dụ thực tế và bài tập có đáp án chi tiết.

Cấu trúc

Thì	Khẳng định	Phủ định	Câu hỏi
Present Perfect	S + have/has + V3/ed	S + have/has + not + V3/ed	Have/Has + S + V3/ed?
Past Simple	S + V2/ed	S + did + not + V	Did + S + V?

Lưu ý: V3/ed = past participle (phân từ quá khứ); V2/ed = past tense (quá khứ đơn). Với động từ bất quy tắc, V2 và V3 có thể khác nhau (go → went → gone).

Khi nào dùng

Present Perfect dùng khi:

• Hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng không xác định thời điểm cụ thể: I have visited Paris. (không nói khi nào)
• Hành động vừa mới xảy ra, kết quả vẫn còn ở hiện tại: She has broken her leg. (chân vẫn đang gãy)
• Kinh nghiệm sống, trải nghiệm đến thời điểm hiện tại: Have you ever eaten sushi?
• Hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ và vẫn còn tiếp diễn: I have lived here for five years. (vẫn đang sống ở đây)

Past Simple dùng khi:

• Hành động xảy ra và kết thúc tại một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ: I visited Paris in 2019.
• Chuỗi hành động liên tiếp trong quá khứ: She woke up, brushed her teeth and left the house.
• Hành động lặp lại trong quá khứ nhưng không còn xảy ra nữa: He played football every day when he was young.

Bảng so sánh

Tiêu chí	Present Perfect	Past Simple
Thời điểm	Không xác định / vẫn liên quan đến hiện tại	Xác định rõ trong quá khứ
Kết quả	Còn ảnh hưởng đến hiện tại	Đã kết thúc hoàn toàn
Ví dụ khẳng định	I have lost my keys.	I lost my keys yesterday.
Ví dụ phủ định	She hasn’t called me yet.	She didn’t call me last night.
Ví dụ câu hỏi	Have you ever been to Japan?	Did you go to Japan last year?
Dấu hiệu nhận biết	just, already, yet, ever, never, recently, so far, for, since	yesterday, last week/year, in 2020, ago, when, at that time

Ví dụ hội thoại

Tình huống 1 – Kinh nghiệm vs thời điểm cụ thể:

A: Have you ever tried bungee jumping?

B: Yes! I tried it for the first time in New Zealand in 2022. It was terrifying.

A: I have never done anything like that. I’m too scared.

Tình huống 2 – Kết quả còn ảnh hưởng vs đã kết thúc:

A: Why are you limping?

B: I have hurt my knee. I fell down the stairs this morning.

A: Oh no! Did you go to the doctor?

B: Not yet. I have just taken some painkillers.

Tình huống 3 – For/Since vs thời gian cụ thể:

A: How long have you worked here?

B: I have worked here since 2021. Before that, I worked at a startup for three years.

Dạng 1: Chia động từ (Fill in the blanks)

Điền dạng đúng của động từ trong ngoặc, dùng Present Perfect hoặc Past Simple.

1. I ___ (see) that movie last Friday.
2. She ___ (never/travel) abroad before.
3. They ___ (finish) the project an hour ago.
4. He ___ (live) in Hanoi since 2018.
5. We ___ (visit) the museum last summer.
6. ___ you ever ___ (eat) durian?
7. I ___ (just/send) you the file. Check your email.
8. She ___ (work) at that company for two years, then she quit.
9. The team ___ (not/win) a match yet this season.
10. He ___ (break) his arm when he was ten.

Đáp án – Dạng 1

1. saw
2. has never travelled / has never traveled
3. finished
4. has lived
5. visited
6. Have you ever eaten
7. have just sent
8. worked
9. has not won / hasn’t won
10. broke

Lời giải chi tiết – Dạng 1

• Câu 1, 3, 5, 10: Có thời điểm xác định (last Friday, an hour ago, last summer, when he was ten) → Past Simple.
• Câu 2, 4, 7, 9: Không có thời điểm cụ thể, dùng “never / since / just / yet” → Present Perfect.
• Câu 6: “Ever” trong câu hỏi về trải nghiệm → Present Perfect.
• Câu 8: Hành động đã kết thúc hoàn toàn trong quá khứ (sau đó cô ấy nghỉ việc) → Past Simple.

Dạng 2: Đặt câu hỏi Yes/No và câu hỏi Wh-

Phần A – Câu hỏi Yes/No: Chuyển câu khẳng định thành câu hỏi.

1. She has already submitted her report.
2. He visited his hometown last month.
3. They have lived in this city for ten years.
4. You saw that film at the cinema.
5. We have met before.

Phần B – Câu hỏi Wh-: Đặt câu hỏi cho phần gạch chân.

6. She has worked here since 2020.
7. He visited three countries last year.
8. They have just arrived at the airport.
9. I lost my wallet yesterday morning.
10. She has learned English because she wants to study abroad.

Đáp án – Dạng 2

Phần A:

1. Has she already submitted her report?
2. Did he visit his hometown last month?
3. Have they lived in this city for ten years?
4. Did you see that film at the cinema?
5. Have we met before?

Phần B: 6. Since when has she worked here? / How long has she worked here? 7. How many countries did he visit last year? 8. Where have they just arrived? 9. When did you lose your wallet? 10. Why has she learned English?

Dạng 3: Viết lại câu (Rewrite the sentence)

Viết lại câu theo yêu cầu trong ngoặc, giữ nguyên nghĩa.

1. She has already eaten lunch. (phủ định)
2. I didn’t see him at the party. (khẳng định)
3. They have visited Japan twice. (câu hỏi Yes/No)
4. He finished his homework an hour ago. (câu hỏi Yes/No)
5. Have you ever ridden a horse? (câu trả lời: No)
6. She moved to this city in 2019. (câu hỏi Wh- về thời gian)
7. We haven’t spoken to each other since last year. (câu hỏi Wh- về thời gian)
8. Did you call him last night? (câu trả lời: Yes)
9. He has never tried skiing. (khẳng định)
10. They lived in France for three years. (câu hỏi Wh- về thời gian)

Đáp án – Dạng 3

1. She hasn’t eaten lunch yet.
2. I saw him at the party.
3. Have they visited Japan twice?
4. Did he finish his homework an hour ago?
5. No, I haven’t.
6. When did she move to this city?
7. Since when haven’t you spoken to each other? / How long haven’t you spoken to each other?
8. Yes, I did.
9. He has tried skiing before.
10. How long did they live in France?

Dạng 4: Chọn đáp án đúng (Multiple choice)

Khoanh tròn đáp án A, B, C hoặc D đúng nhất.

1. I ___ her last week at the supermarket.

   • A. have seen   B. saw   C. see   D. has seen

2. ___ you ever ___ to New York?

   • A. Did / go   B. Have / been   C. Has / been   D. Did / been

3. She ___ her phone. She can’t find it anywhere.

   • A. lost   B. has lost   C. have lost   D. loses

4. They ___ in this house since they got married.

   • A. lived   B. have been living   C. live   D. has lived

5. When ___ you ___ how to drive?

   • A. have / learned   B. did / learned   C. did / learn   D. have / learn

6. I ___ already ___ my homework, so I can go out now.

   • A. did / finish   B. have / finished   C. has / finished   D. did / finished

7. He ___ in London for two years before moving to Paris.

   • A. has lived   B. lived   C. have lived   D. lives

8. She ___ never ___ sushi before. This is her first time.

   • A. did / eat   B. has / ate   C. has / eaten   D. did / eaten

9. ___ they ___ the report yet?

   • A. Did / finish   B. Have / finished   C. Has / finished   D. Did / finished

10. I ___ a great book when I was on holiday last month.

    • A. have read   B. have been reading   C. read   D. reads

Đáp án – Dạng 4

1. B – saw (last week = thời điểm xác định → Past Simple)
2. B – Have / been (ever + trải nghiệm → Present Perfect; been to = đã từng đến)
3. B – has lost (kết quả còn ảnh hưởng: vẫn không tìm thấy → Present Perfect)
4. B – have been living (since + thời điểm, vẫn đang sống → Present Perfect)
5. C – did / learn (when + câu hỏi thời điểm cụ thể → Past Simple)
6. B – have / finished (already + kết quả hiện tại → Present Perfect)
7. B – lived (trước khi chuyển đến Paris = đã kết thúc → Past Simple)
8. C – has / eaten (never + trải nghiệm → Present Perfect)
9. B – Have / finished (yet trong câu hỏi → Present Perfect)
10. C – read (last month = thời điểm xác định → Past Simple)

Dạng 5: Tìm và sửa lỗi sai (Error correction)

Mỗi câu có một lỗi sai. Tìm và sửa lỗi đó.

1. I have seen her yesterday.
2. Did you ever tried sushi?
3. She has moved to Hanoi in 2020.
4. He didn’t finished his homework yet.
5. We have went to that restaurant last Friday.
6. Have she ever visited Europe?
7. I haven’t saw him since last year.
8. They lived here since 2015.
9. Did you finished reading that book?
10. She has worked there when she was young.

Đáp án – Dạng 5

1. have seen → saw (yesterday = thời điểm xác định → Past Simple)
2. Did you ever tried → Have you ever tried (ever + trải nghiệm → Present Perfect)
3. has moved → moved (in 2020 = thời điểm xác định → Past Simple)
4. didn’t finished → hasn’t finished (yet → Present Perfect; sau didn’t dùng V nguyên mẫu nếu dùng Past Simple)
5. have went → went (last Friday = thời điểm xác định → Past Simple)
6. Have she → Has she (she là số ít → Has)
7. haven’t saw → haven’t seen (Present Perfect dùng V3: see → seen)
8. lived → have lived (since 2015, vẫn đang sống ở đây → Present Perfect)
9. Did you finished → Did you finish (sau Did dùng V nguyên mẫu)
10. has worked → worked (when she was young = thời điểm xác định → Past Simple)

Dạng 6: Sắp xếp từ thành câu hoàn chỉnh (Word order)

Sắp xếp các từ sau thành câu đúng ngữ pháp.

1. ever / Have / to / you / been / Italy?
2. last / She / year / graduated / university / from
3. just / I / keys / have / found / my
4. he / Did / the / finish / report / yesterday?
5. never / tried / She / has / bungee / jumping
6. lived / We / years / for / here / ten / have
7. ago / months / moved / They / three / here
8. you / sent / Have / already / email / the?
9. I / in / worked / a / café / was / when / student / a
10. yet / hasn’t / the / He / read / book

Đáp án – Dạng 6

1. Have you ever been to Italy?
2. She graduated from university last year.
3. I have just found my keys.
4. Did he finish the report yesterday?
5. She has never tried bungee jumping.
6. We have lived here for ten years.
7. They moved here three months ago.
8. Have you already sent the email?
9. I worked in a café when I was a student.
10. He hasn’t read the book yet.

Dạng 7: Viết câu từ gợi ý (Sentence writing)

Dùng các từ gợi ý để viết câu hoàn chỉnh, chọn đúng Present Perfect hoặc Past Simple.

1. I / never / eat / Japanese food (trải nghiệm)
2. She / move / to Ho Chi Minh City / in 2021
3. They / just / finish / the meeting
4. He / break / his leg / last winter
5. you / ever / see / the Northern Lights? (câu hỏi)
6. We / not / hear / from her / since last month
7. I / lose / my wallet / yesterday morning
8. She / work / at that company / for five years / then left
9. He / already / read / this book / three times
10. they / visit / their grandparents / last Sunday? (câu hỏi)

Đáp án – Dạng 7

1. I have never eaten Japanese food.
2. She moved to Ho Chi Minh City in 2021.
3. They have just finished the meeting.
4. He broke his leg last winter.
5. Have you ever seen the Northern Lights?
6. We haven’t heard from her since last month.
7. I lost my wallet yesterday morning.
8. She worked at that company for five years, then left.
9. He has already read this book three times.
10. Did they visit their grandparents last Sunday?

Dạng 8: Bài tập đọc hiểu – Điền từ vào đoạn văn (Cloze test)

Đọc đoạn văn sau và điền dạng đúng của động từ trong ngoặc, dùng Present Perfect hoặc Past Simple.

My name is Linh. I am 28 years old and I love travelling. So far, I (1) ___ (visit) twelve countries. Last year, I (2) ___ (go) to Japan with my best friend. We (3) ___ (spend) two weeks there and it (4) ___ (be) the best trip of my life. I (5) ___ (never/see) anything so beautiful as Mount Fuji. Since I came back, I (6) ___ (start) learning Japanese. I (7) ___ (already/finish) two beginner courses. Last month, my teacher (8) ___ (tell) me my pronunciation is very good. I (9) ___ (not/visit) Europe yet, but I (10) ___ (book) a flight to Italy for next spring — I can’t wait!

Đáp án – Dạng 8

1. have visited (so far → Present Perfect)
2. went (last year = thời điểm xác định → Past Simple)
3. spent (thời điểm xác định: chuyến đi đó → Past Simple)
4. was (thời điểm xác định → Past Simple)
5. have never seen (never + trải nghiệm → Present Perfect)
6. have started (since I came back, kết quả hiện tại → Present Perfect)
7. have already finished (already → Present Perfect)
8. told (last month = thời điểm xác định → Past Simple)
9. haven’t visited (yet → Present Perfect)
10. have booked (kết quả còn hiệu lực → Present Perfect)

Dạng 9: Dịch sang tiếng Anh (Translation)

Dịch các câu sau sang tiếng Anh, chú ý chọn đúng Present Perfect hoặc Past Simple.

1. Tôi đã gặp cô ấy vào tuần trước.
2. Bạn đã từng thử nhảy dù chưa?
3. Cô ấy vừa mới gửi email cho tôi.
4. Họ chuyển đến đây năm 2019.
5. Tôi chưa ăn sáng.
6. Anh ấy đã sống ở Hà Nội được 5 năm rồi.
7. Chúng tôi đã xem bộ phim đó hồi tháng trước.
8. Cô ấy chưa hoàn thành bài tập về nhà.
9. Bạn đã làm gì vào cuối tuần trước?
10. Tôi chưa bao giờ đến châu Âu.

Đáp án – Dạng 9

1. I met her last week.
2. Have you ever tried skydiving?
3. She has just sent me an email.
4. They moved here in 2019.
5. I haven’t had breakfast yet. / I haven’t eaten breakfast yet.
6. He has lived in Hanoi for five years.
7. We watched that film last month.
8. She hasn’t finished her homework yet.
9. What did you do last weekend?
10. I have never been to Europe.

Đọc thêm về 12 thì tiếng Anh